Nama : CHRISTIAN ADI NUGRAHA
NPM : 10209968
Kelas : 4EA15
Mata Kuliah : Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2
What is an article?
Basically, articles
are either definite or indefinite. They combine to a noun to
indicate the type of reference being made by the noun.
·
The definite
article is the.
·
The indefinite
article is a / an.
The indefinite article a or an:
The article a
/ an is used when we don't specify the things or people we are talking
about:
·
I met a
friend.
·
I work in a
factory in New York.
·
I borrowed a pencil
from a passenger sitting next to me.
The indefinite
article a is used before a consonant sound:
·
a dog.
·
a pilot
·
a teacher.
·
a university
NOTE:
Although 'university' starts with the vowel 'u', it is not pronounced as such. It is pronounced as a consonant sound /ju:.niv3:.si.ti/
Although 'university' starts with the vowel 'u', it is not pronounced as such. It is pronounced as a consonant sound /ju:.niv3:.si.ti/
The indefinite
article an is used before a vowel sound:
·
an engineer.
·
an elephant.
·
an athlete
The definite article the:
It's used when the
speaker talks about a specific object that both the person speaking and the
listener know.
·
The car over there is fast.
·
The president of the United States is giving a
speech tonight.
When we speak of
something or someone for the first time we use a or an, the next
time we repeat that object we use the definite article the.
·
I live in a
house. The house is quite old and has four bedrooms.
·
I ate in a
Chinese restaurant. The restaurant was very good.
No article:
1. Do not use an
article with countries, states, counties or provinces, lakes and mountains
except when the country is a collection of states such as "The
United States".
·
He lives in Washington
near Mount Rainier.
·
They live in Northern
British Columbia.
·
They climbed Mount
Everest.
2. we do not normally
use an article with plurals and uncountable nouns to talk
about things in general.:
·
He writes books.
·
She likes sweets.
·
Do you like jazz
music?
·
She ate bread with
butter in the morning.
Countable and uncountable nouns
Using English
articles with countable and uncountable
nouns may be confusing.
The can be used with uncountable nouns, or
the article can be dropped entirely as mentioned above.
1.
"The two
countries reached the peace after a long disastrous war"
(some specific peace treaty) or "The two countries reached peace
after a long disastrous war" (any peace).
2.
"He drank the
water" (some specific water- for example, the water his wife
brought him from the kitchen) or "He drank water." (any water)
It is unusual to use a/an
for uncountable nouns. You can't say "I'd like a milk"
a/an can be used only with countable nouns.
1.
I'd like a piece
of cake.
2.
I lent him a book.
3.
I drank a cup
of tea.
What are quantifiers?
A quantifier is a
word or phrase which is used before a noun to indicate the amount or quantity:
'Some', 'many', 'a lot of' and 'a few' are examples of quantifiers.
'Some', 'many', 'a lot of' and 'a few' are examples of quantifiers.
Quantifiers can be
used with both countable and uncountable nouns.
Examples:
There are some
books on the desk
He's got only a few dollars.
How much money have you got?
There is a large quantity of fish in this river.
He's got more friends than his sister.
He's got only a few dollars.
How much money have you got?
There is a large quantity of fish in this river.
He's got more friends than his sister.
Examples of quantifiers
With Uncountable Nouns
·
much
·
a little/little/very
little *
·
a bit (of)
·
a great deal of
·
a large amount of
·
a large quantity of
With Both
·
all
·
enough
·
more/most
·
less/least
·
no/none
·
not any
·
some
·
any
·
a lot of
·
lots of
·
plenty of
With Countable Nouns
·
many
·
a few/few/very few **
·
a number (of)
·
several
·
a large number of
·
a great number of
·
a majority of
* NOTE
few, very few mean that there is not enough of something.
a few means that there is not a lot of something, but there is enough.
a few means that there is not a lot of something, but there is enough.
** NOTE
little, very little mean that there is not enough of something.
a little means that there is not a lot of something, but there is enough.
a little means that there is not a lot of something, but there is enough.
Classes of nouns
The head of a noun phrase
The head of a noun
phrase either takes the form of a noun or a pronoun. The head determines such
features of the noun phrase as number (singular or plural) and gender
(masculine, feminine or neuter). In terms of meaning, the head determines what
kind or type of entity the whole noun phrase refers to.
Thus, the following
noun phrases have the same noun, car, as head and therefore
refer to the same kind of entity, namely some kind of car. The exact
reference of the full noun phrases differ because of the
different determiners and modifiers that accompany the head.
(1) the blue car
that Lisa bought
(2) the yellow car
that is parked outside my office
(3) a French car
with four-wheel steering
Nouns can be grouped
into different classes based on their grammatical properties.
Proper nouns and common nouns
A first major
distinction among nouns is that between proper nouns and common nouns.
Simply put, proper nouns are nouns that functions as names of people, cities,
countries, etc. Typical examples are: Bill, Stockholm, and Denmark.
All other nouns are common nouns, e.g. car, water, and democracy.
The distinction is
relevant to capitalisation. Thus, proper nouns always start with a capital
letter.
Countable and uncountable nouns
Common nouns may be
divided into countable and uncountable nouns. As the terminology
suggests, countable nouns can combine with numerals like one, two,
three, etc., whereas uncountable nouns cannot. Moreover, uncountable
nouns are always singular, whereas most countable nouns may be either
singular or plural. A number of properties related to this basic
difference distinguish the two classes of nouns. The following table lists the
most important ones, and provides examples of both types of noun. (The asterisk
* marks an example as ungrammatical.)
Inherently plural nouns
Some nouns are such
that they cannot be used in the singular, that is, they are always regarded as
denoting something plural, and they always take plural agreement. Important
members of this category appear in the following examples:
(4) My new jeans
are Italian.
(5) We have to buy
Peter new pyjamas, since his old ones are worn out.
(6) In this
experiment, headphones are to be used.
(7) The ship's doctor
made use of tweezers to remove the foreign object.
(8) The minutes
were kept by Sheila.
(9) The goods have
been exported to Germany.
(10) All our valuables
have been stolen.
(11) The police
are investigating the case.
(12) There were
hundreds of police present in Stockholm in connection with the royal
wedding.
(13) Do you know how
many people are here?
(14) The cattle
were seen grazing in the field.
(15) We do not want vermin
in our house, but they are here anyway.
Nouns in -ics
Nouns that end in -ics
look plural, but are actually most often treated as singular. Thus, when
heading a noun phrase which functions as the subject, they trigger singular
agreement on the verb.
(16) Statistics is
becoming increasingly popular among our students.
(17) Mathematics is
an integral part of our culture.
(18) Western
economics has tended not to be influenced by theories from other parts
of the world.
In the examples
above, the nouns in -ics denote academic disciplines. However, some of
these nouns may also be used to denote the practical application of the
discipline, and are then treated as ordinary plurals, e.g. by taking plural
determiners and by triggering plural agreement on the verb.
(19) These
statistics show that our production of beef has almost doubled.
(20) The acoustics of
the new concert hall are very lively.
Zero plurals
Zero plural nouns are
nouns that look the same in the plural as they do in the singular. A well-known
example is the noun sheep. Since sheep is a zero plural noun, it
looks the same in the two sentences below. However, this does not prevent it
from being singular in the first sentence and plural in the second one, as
indicated by the different verb forms, is and are:
(21) My sheep is
black.
(22) My sheep are
black.
Other nouns that
belong to this category are aircraft, Chinese, deer, elk,
headquarters, horsepower, hovercraft, means, offspring,
Portuguese, salmon, series, species, trout,
and Vietnamese. When in doubt, please consult a good dictionary.
Foreign plurals
There is a group of
nouns whose members are commonly referred to as 'foreign plurals'. What the
nouns in this group have in common is that both their singular and their plural
forms have been borrowed from other languages, which means that the plural
ending is not the regular English -s, but something else.
Examples of such
foreign plural nouns that are important to remember, especially when writing
academic texts (since many of these words tend to be academic in nature), are analysis-analyses,
basis-bases, criterion-criteria, diagnosis-diagnoses, hypothesis-hypotheses,
parenthesis-parentheses, phenomenon-phenomena, stimulus-stimuli,
and thesis-theses.
What usually happens
when a word is borrowed into English (or into some other language) is that it
is changed in line with the morphology of the language into which it has been
borrowed. Consequently, there are some foreign words in English that have both
a foreign and an English plural form. Examples include appendix-appendixes/appendices,
cactus-cactuses/cacti, focus-focuses/foci, and index-indexes/indices.
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